UCP1基因变异与绵羊生长及胴体性状的关联分析

试验旨在探讨解耦联蛋白1（UCP1）基因核苷酸变异对绵羊生长性状的性别差异和胴体性状的影响，以期能够筛选出可以提升绵羊生长及胴体性状的核苷酸变异，为提高绵羊相关重要经济性状的分子遗传标记提供材料。以9个绵羊品种为研究对象，用PCR-SSCP方法检测不同性别绵羊中UCP1基因内含子5区和外显子6区变异。利用Minitab 16.0软件中一般线性模型分析内含子5区等位基因与不同性别绵羊生长性状、公羔胴体性状的关联性。结果显示，绵羊UCP1基因内含子5区和外显子6区共检测到8个核苷酸变异，其中位点c.910 G/A突变导致p.Ala304Thr氨基酸变异。生长性状关联分析结果表明，内含子5区等位基因对绵羊生长性状的影响存在性别特异性，母羔中携带等位基因A₁的群体较缺失群体具有较低的初生重（P<0.05），公羔中携带等位基因C₁的群体较缺失群体具有较高的断尾重（P<0.05），未发现其他等位基因与羔羊的生长性状存在性别特异性。胴体性状关联分析结果表明，携带等位基因A₁的群体具有较低后腿瘦肉量、腰部瘦肉量和较高的肩部瘦肉比例（P<0.05），携带等位基因C₁的群体具有较低的后腿瘦肉比例（P<0.05），其他胴体性状均没有发现与等位基因存在显著相关，基因型分析结果与等位基因分析结果一致。结果提示，UCP1基因对绵羊的生长性状影响具有性别特异性，且携带等位基因A₁的公羔群体具有较低的胴体生产性状，为提高公羔胴体生产性能提供了理论依据。     

Effects of antimicrobial peptides on growth,morphology of foregut villi and related genes mRNA expression in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of different levels (0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) of antimicrobial peptides on growth, protease activity of foregut, the morphology of foregut villi and related genes mRNA expression level in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The results showed that the feed of antimicrobial peptides promote common carp growth, and the optimal dosage of antimicrobial peptides is 200–333 mg/kg in the common carp feed. The protease activity of 200 and 400 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control and other groups (p < 0.05). The foregut villus height with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). The crypt depth of 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly lower than control group (p < 0.05). The ratio of villus height and crypt depth of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). The ratio with 600 mg/kg group was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). The IGF‐I gene expression level of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control group and 600 mg/kg group (p < 0.05). The IL‐1β gene expression level of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). These results indicated up‐regulation of growth and immune related genes in antimicrobial peptides fed common carp. Correlation analysis showed that IGF‐I mRNA and IL‐1β mRNA were positively correlated with SGR. IL‐1β mRNA and FCR were significantly negative correlated. It indicated that growth and immune gene common regulated the growth of the carp under antimicrobial peptides intervention. In conclusion, antimicrobial peptides can improve growth and related genes mRNA expression in the common carp. Further studies using molecular biological technique or immunologic methods are required to conclude that antimicrobial peptides are beneficial in common carp.     

The effect of timing of extended photoperiod on growth and maturity of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

The influence of timing of extended photoperiods on growth and maturity of brook trout was investigated in a 112‐day experiment. The fish with mean initial weight of ~192 g were reared under four light regimes: one control group with natural ambient photoperiod and three groups exposed to an 18L:6D regime initiated at days 1, 23 or 46 of the growth trial. Light‐emitting diodes, with intensity of 250–1000 lux, depending on the distance from the light source, were used for extending light periods. There was a positive effect of prolonged day length on fish growth (p < 0.05), and a delay in gonad development and sexual maturity. Significantly higher numbers of sexually mature fish were found among controls groups, regardless of sex. Survival rate was not affected by light regime. This study demonstrated that the short‐term expansion of the photo period delayed maturation and increased the growth rate of brook trout.     

Early development and allometric growth in hatchery‐reared Eurasian perch,Perca fluviatilis L.

The morphological development and allometric growth patterns of Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis L., a highly valued commercial species, were studied under intensive rearing conditions from hatching up to 50 DPH (Days Post Hatch). Based on the external morphology, four different phases during early development of Eurasian perch were identified: pre‐flexion larva 0–20 DPH (5.70–10.16 mm TL); flexion larva 22–30 DPH (11.09–15.14 mm TL) and post‐flexion larva/juvenile 32–50 DPH (18.00–24.75 mm TL). The results indicate that growth period when final replacement of all temporary (larval) structures and most important changes in the shape of P. fluviatilis occurred (between 13.95 and 24.06 mm TL, during flexion and post‐flexion phase) can be considered as a transitional period between the larva and juvenile. All body segments, except trunk length and tail length showed fast growth (positive allometry) throughout the entire studied period or up to the respective inflexion point with a common tendency to isometry. In addition, the specific behaviours (e.g. pelagic way of life) of Eurasian perch larvae resulted in some characteristic allometric growth patterns in the posterior region, different from the majority of other teleosts. The results are discussed with respect to the ontogeny of the functional morphology under both ecological and aquaculture considerations.     

A Comparison of the Effects of Two Prey Enrichment Media on Growth and Survival of Pacific Bluefin Tuna,Thunnus orientalis,Larvae

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the growth, survival, and standardized cohort biomass of Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, larvae fed nutritionally enhanced prey during the first week of feeding using two commonly used, commercially available enrichment media, AlgaMac Enrich and Marine Glos. T. orientalis larvae exhibited exponential growth in standard length and dry weight. The daily specific growth rates in length and weight are the first reported for T. orientalis larvae and the averages ranged from 3.8 to 4.1% and 27.5%, respectively, for larvae in the AlgaMac treatment and from 4.1 to 6.1% and 31.5%, respectively, in the Marine Glos treatment. Average daily growth rates in length ranged from 0.16 to 0.23 mm/d for larvae in the AlgaMac treatment and from 0.17 to 0.27 mm/d for those in the Marine Glos treatment. Daily growth rates in length were similar to those reported for other tuna larvae reared in the laboratory but slower than most published estimates for larval tunas in situ at similar water temperatures. Mean prey number per gut was positively associated with mean prey level in the tank. Both enrichment media appear to be good sources of nutritional improvement of planktonic prey for T. orientalis larvae.     

江西省水资源利用时空变化特征及区域差异

[目的] 定量研究2008—2017年江西省水资源利用时空变化特征以及各项水资源指标的区域差异，为水资源可持续利用提供参考依据。[方法] 基于2008—2017年江西省自然、社会经济以及水资源资料，利用变差系数、泰尔系数和空间分级分类法，从时间维度和空间维度分析了江西省2008—2017年水资源时空分布特征，并采用“竹笋”七色差异评价法对江西省各项水资源指标的区域差异进行研究。[结果] 南昌市2008—2017年水资源开发利用相对处于一个较高的水平，年均水资源开发利用率达到46%，处于不健康状态，而整个江西省平均开发利用率不到25%，水资源状况呈现健康的状态；江西省2008—2017年工业用水和农业水量分布差异较大，11市的生活用水和总用水空间分布差异较小；江西省2008—2017年人均水资源和地均水资源区域差异的差异值小于380，处于“竹笋”七色模型的稳定区，2008—2017年期间波动小。[结论] 整体来看江西省各市水资源禀赋差异性较大，要综合多个因素，深度剖析各个地区的水资源各类指标，比如人口数量、气候、环境、地形、文化差异等，因地制宜，才能使水资源真正为社会经济的可持续发展服务，达到人与水环境的协调统一。     

八种除草剂对多异瓢虫不同虫态的安全性评价

在新疆棉区，早春季节田埂杂草上滋养的天敌昆虫，是棉田内天敌的主要来源，也是棉田外天敌保育的重点。生产上，常喷施除草剂来防除田埂上的恶性杂草，从而除草剂可能会对非靶标天敌昆虫产生直接的不利影响。本文评价了新疆农田中常用的8种除草剂对多异瓢虫不同虫态存活的影响，发现8种除草剂喷施对多异瓢虫卵孵化率、蛹羽化率、成虫存活率均没有显著影响，精喹禾灵、苯磺隆、精噁唑禾草灵处理后3龄幼虫的存活率显著低于对照，而高效氟吡甲禾灵、精吡氟禾草灵、烯草酮、氯氟吡氧乙酸、乙氧氟草醚处理组的幼虫存活率与对照没有显著差异。利用高效氟吡甲禾灵、乙氧氟草醚药液处理多异瓢虫卵后，对卵、幼虫、蛹历期以及各虫态存活率、蛹重等均无明显影响，仅高效氟吡甲禾灵处理组幼虫化蛹率显著降低。利用高效氟吡甲禾灵、乙氧氟草醚处理3龄幼虫后，对其生长发育没有显著影响。本研究证实，新疆农田常用的8种除草剂对多异瓢虫比较安全，没有明显的毒杀作用与负面效应。     

4种微生物菌剂对辣椒主要病害的生物防治作用

本文选择4种不同微生物活性成分的生防菌剂，采用盆栽生物量测定、温室和田间小区试验对辣椒主要病害进行抗病效果及促生增产作用评价。结果表明，木霉-芽胞杆菌复合菌剂对辣椒的枯萎病、疫病、炭疽病和灰霉病防效分别达到72.2%、78.3%、71.9%和59.7%，枯草芽胞杆菌-粉红粘帚霉复合菌剂对辣椒4种病害的防效分别达到60.5%、62.1%、60.5%和50.9%；而淡紫紫孢菌菌剂只对辣椒炭疽病具有很好防效（77.5%）。同时，4种微生物菌剂对辣椒植株生物量均有显著促生作用，其中木霉-芽胞杆菌复合菌剂及枯草芽胞杆菌-粉红粘帚霉复合菌剂在盆栽试验中鲜重和干重增幅分别为132.79%、190.35%和211.80%、293.84%；两者在温室及田间小区试验中比对照增产182.3%、152.7%和65.0%、23.9%。本研究表明，生防菌剂可以替代化学药剂用于植物病害的防治，同时还能够促进作物植株生长，有增产作用。     

基于USLE模型的长株潭城市群生态绿心区水土流失研究

[目的]研究2018年长株潭(长沙市—株州市—湘潭市)城市群生态绿心区最佳植被覆盖和水土流失状况,为区域综合治理提供理论依据。[方法]运用GIS和RS技术,以长株潭区域降雨、土壤、地形、土地利用等数据为基础,采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)模型和USLE国际通用土壤流失方程为优选模型。[结果]长株潭绿心区总面积为52 287 hm~2,整体植被状况较好,高覆盖度(75%～100%)面积最大,占绿心区总面积一半以上,为26 598.40 hm~2;中低覆盖度(30%～40%)面积最小,占区域总面积的8.61%,为4 501.91 hm~2。长株潭城市群生态绿心区总侵蚀(不含微度)面积为3 654.24 hm~2,占总面积的6.99%。湘潭市侵蚀比重最高,为8.51%,长沙市次之,为6.67%,株洲市侵蚀总比例最小,为5.68%。工程建设用地在禁止开发区、限制开发区和控制建设区的侵蚀面积分别为963.92,310.74,735.11 hm~2。[结论]受人为因素、城市建设、产业分布等影响,长株潭城市群生态绿心区覆盖度空间呈现西部低,中东部高的格局,工程建设是造成绿心区土壤侵蚀的主要原因。     

秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对砂性土壤性质及滴灌玉米生长的影响

为探究秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对宁夏扬黄灌区土壤改良和玉米增产的效应,在秸秆还田条件下施用3种不同腐熟剂[生物秸秆速腐剂(SR+BS)、EM菌秸秆腐熟剂(SR+RJ)、有机废物发酵菌曲(SR+OW)],以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂处理为对照(CK),研究其对秸秆生物失重率、砂性土壤理化性状和滴灌玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明,3种腐熟剂均能有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,其中SR+RJ的秸秆腐解程度最佳,翻埋130 d后其秸秆生物失重率为49.9%,SR+OW和SR+BS次之,3种处理分别较CK显著提高7.1、5.7、5.2个百分点。SR+RJ对改善0~40 cm土层土壤容重效果最佳,较CK显著降低4.2%,同时显著提高了耕层土壤有机质和速效养分含量及生育中后期土壤贮水量,SR+OW和SR+BS次之。施用秸秆腐熟剂能明显促进玉米生育中后期植株生长,其中SR+RJ最佳。SR+RJ和SR+OW对玉米增产增收效果最明显,分别较CK显著增产26.9%、23.4%,显著增收28.8%、23.4%。可见,秸秆还田配施腐熟剂可有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,改善土壤理化性质,促进玉米生长发育,显著提高作物产量与经济效益,以EM菌秸秆腐熟剂效果最佳。本研究为宁夏扬黄灌区还田后促进秸秆腐熟和砂性土壤培肥及玉米高产提供了技术参考。